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The application of titanium in steel and its impact
Titanium has a strong affinity for elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon, making it an excellent deoxidizer and an effective element for fixing nitrogen and carbon. In steel, the compounds formed by titanium and carbon (TiC) have a very strong bonding force and high stability, and they only slowly dissolve into the iron solid solution at high temperatures (above 1000°C).
1. The effect of titanium on the microstructure and heat treatment of steel
Titanium has a strong affinity for elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon, making it an excellent deoxidizer and an effective element for fixing nitrogen and carbon. In steel, the compounds formed by titanium and carbon (TiC) have a strong bonding force and high stability, only slowly dissolving into the iron solid solution at high temperatures (above 1000°C). These TiC particles can prevent the growth and coarsening of steel grains, significantly affecting the microstructure of steel. Additionally, titanium is one of the strong ferrite-forming elements, which reduces the austenite phase region. Soluble titanium can improve the hardenability of steel, while the presence of TiC particles can reduce the hardenability of steel. When the titanium content reaches a certain value, the dispersion precipitation of TiFe2 will produce a precipitation hardening effect.
2. The effect of titanium on the mechanical properties of steel
The effect of titanium on the mechanical properties of steel depends on its form of existence, the ratio of titanium to carbon content, and the heat treatment method. When titanium exists in a solid solution in ferrite, its strengthening effect is higher than that of elements such as aluminum, manganese, nickel, and molybdenum, second only to beryllium, phosphorus, copper, and silicon. Within the mass fraction range of titanium from 0.03% to 0.1%, titanium can improve the yield strength of steel. However, when the ratio of titanium to carbon content exceeds 4, the strength and toughness of steel will sharply decline. In addition, titanium can also improve the endurance strength and creep resistance of steel, and has a positive effect on the toughness of steel, especially the low-temperature impact toughness.
3. The effect of titanium on the physical, chemical, and process properties of steel
Titanium can enhance the stability of steel in high-temperature, high-pressure, and hydrogen environments, and improve the corrosion resistance of stainless acid-resistant steel, especially against intergranular corrosion. In low-carbon steel, when the ratio of titanium to carbon content reaches above 4.5, the steel exhibits excellent stress corrosion resistance and alkali embrittlement resistance. Furthermore, titanium can improve the oxidation resistance of steel at high temperatures and promote the formation of a nitrided layer, thereby quickly achieving the desired surface hardness. Titanium-containing steel is known as "rapid nitriding steel" and can be used to manufacture high-precision screws. At the same time, titanium can also improve the weldability of low-carbon manganese steel and high-alloy stainless steel.
4. The application of titanium in steel
The application of titanium in steel is extensive. When its mass fraction exceeds 0.025%, it can be considered as an alloying element. Titanium has wide applications in ordinary low-alloy steel, alloy structural steel, alloy tool steel, high-speed tool steel, stainless acid-resistant steel, heat-resistant non-scaling steel, permanent magnet alloys, and cast steel. In addition, titanium has become an important component of various advanced materials and a strategic material. In the aerospace industry, titanium accounts for more than half of the usage and is widely used in aerospace vehicles, power machinery, and other fields.
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